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(詳細はHistory of Gwynedd during the High Middle Ages'' Culture and Society in Gwynedd during the High Middle Ages is a period in the History of Wales spanning the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries (AD 1000–1300). The High Middle Ages were preceded by the Early Middle Ages and followed by the Late Middle Ages. Gwynedd is located in the north of Wales. Distinctive achievements in Gwynedd during this period include further development of Medieval Welsh literature, for instance in the poetry of those of the ''Beirdd y Tywysogion'' (Welsh for ''Poets of the Princes'') associated with the court of Gwynedd, the reformation of bardic schools, and the continued development of ''Cyfraith Hywel'' (''The Law of Hywel'', or ''Welsh law''); all three of which further contributed to the development of a Welsh national identity in the face of Anglo-Norman encroachment of Wales and the threat of conquest by the Crown of England. Gwynedd's traditional territory included Anglesey (''Ynys Môn'') and all of north Wales between the River Dyfi in the south and River Dee (''Welsh Dyfrdwy'') in the northeast.〔Davies, John, ''A History of Wales'', Penguin, 1994, ''foundations of'' pgs 50–51, 54–55〕 The Irish Sea (''Môr Iwerddon'') lies to the north and west, and lands formerly part of the Powys border the south-east. Gwynedd's strength was due in part to the region's mountainous geography which made it difficult for foreign invaders to campaign in the country and impose their will effectively.〔Lloyd, J.E., ''A History of Wales; From the Norman Invasion to the Edwardian Conquest'', Barnes & Noble Publishing, Inc. 2004, ''Recovers Gwynedd'', ''Norman invasion'', ''Battle of Anglesey Sound'', pgs 21–22, 36, 39, 40, ''later years'' 76–77〕 Gwynedd emerged from the Early Middle Ages having suffered from increasing Viking raids and various occupations by rival Welsh princes, causing political and social upheaval. With the historic Aberffraw family displaced, by the mid 11th century Gwynedd was united with the rest of Wales by the conquest of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, followed by the Norman invasions between 1067 and 1100. After the restoration of the Aberffraw family in Gwynedd, a series of successful rulers such as Gruffudd ap Cynan and Owain Gwynedd in the late 11th and 12th century, and Llywelyn the Great and his grandson Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in the 13th century, led to the emergence of the Principality of Wales, based on Gwynedd. The emergence of the principality in the 13th century was proof that all the elements necessary for the growth of Welsh statehood were in place, and Wales was independent ''de facto'', according to historian Dr John Davies.〔Davies, John, ''A History of Wales'', Penguin, 1994, ''emerging defacto statehood'' pg 148〕 As part of the Principality of Wales, Gwynedd would retain Welsh laws and customs and home rule until the Edwardian Conquest of Wales of 1282. ==Settlements, architecture, and economy== When Gruffudd ap Cynan died in 1137 he left a more stable realm than had hitherto existed in Gwynedd for more than 100 years.〔Lloyd, J.E. ''A History of Wales; From the Norman Invasion to the Edwardian Conquest'', Barnes & Noble Publishing, Inc. 2004, ''Gruffyd's legacy'' pg 79, 80〕 No foreign army was able to cross the Conwy into upper Gwynedd. The stability in upper Gwynedd provided by Gruffudd ap Cynan and his son Owain Gwynedd, between 1101 and 1170, allowed Gwynedd's Welsh to plan for the future without fear that home and harvest would "go to the flames" from invaders.〔 Settlements in Gwynedd became more permanent, with buildings of stone replacing timber structures. Stone churches in particular were built across Gwynedd, with so many limewashed that "Gwynedd was bespangled with them as is the firmament with stars".〔 Gruffudd had built stone churches at his princely manors, and Lloyd suggests Gruffudd's example led to the rebuilding of churches with stone in Penmon, Aberdaron, and Towyn in the Norman fashion.〔 By the 13th century Gwynedd was the cornerstone of the Principality of Wales (that is ''Pura Wallia''), which came to encompass three-quarters of the surface area of modern Wales; "from Anglesey to Machen, from the outskirts of Chester to the outskirts of Cydweli".〔Davies, John, ''A History of Wales'', Penguin, 1994, ''Aberffraw stablilty'' and ''effects on population'', ''town-dwellers'', ''decline in slavery'', page 151〕〔Lloyd, J.E., ''A History of Wales; From the Norman Invasion to the Edwardian Conquest'', ''Aberffraw stability'' pg 219, 220〕 By 1271, Prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd could claim a growing population of about 200,000 people, or a little less than three-fourths of the total Welsh population.〔〔(The emergence of the principality of Wales )〕 Population increase was common throughout Europe in the 13th century, but in Wales it was more pronounced.〔 By Llywelyn II's reign as much as 10 per cent of the population were town-dwellers.〔 Additionally, "unfree slaves... had long disappeared" from within ''Pura Wallia'' due in large part form the social upheavals of the 11th century," argued Davies.〔 The increase in free men allowed the prince to call on and field a far more substantial and professional army.〔 The increase in the Welsh population in Gwynedd, and in the Principality of Wales as a whole, allowed a greater diversification of the economy. The Meirionnydd tax rolls evidence the thirty-seven various professions present in Meirionnydd directly before the Edwardian Conquest of 1282. Of these professions, there were eight gold-smiths, four professional bards (poets), 26 shoemakers, a doctor in Cynwyd and an hotel keeper in Maentwrog, and 28 priests, two of whom were university graduates. Also present were a significant number of fishermen, administrators and clerics, professional men and craftsmen. With the average temperature of Wales a degree or two higher than it is today, more Welsh lands were arable, "a crucial bonus for a country like Wales," wrote historian Dr John Davies.〔Davies, John, ''A History of Wales'', Penguin, 1994, ''agriculture'' pg 150〕 Of significant importance for the Welsh of Gwynedd and ''Pura Wallia'' were more developed trade routes, which allowed the introduction of the windmill, the fulling-mill, and the horse collar (the horse collar doubled the efficiency of horse-power). Gwynedd traded cattle, skins, cheese, timber, horses, wax, dogs, hawks, and fleeces, and also flannel (with the growth of fulling mills). Flannel was second only to cattle among the principality's exports. In exchange, the principality imported salt, wine, wheat, and other luxuries from London and Paris. But most importantly for the defense of the principality, iron and specialized weaponry were also imported. Welsh dependence on foreign imports was a tool that England used to wear down Gwynedd and the Principality of Wales during times of conflict between the two countries. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Culture of Gwynedd during the High Middle Ages」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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